Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Pharmacological investigation of bergapten isolated from Glehnia littoralis against periodontitis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38099-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bergapten downregulates inflammatory cytokines at noncytotoxic concentrations. ( a , c ) hPDL cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 10 2 cells/well and treated with bergapten (5, 10, 20, and 40 μM) for 7 days and the cells were photographed with an IncuCyte imaging system. ( b ) The cytotoxicity of bergapten was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay. ( d ) hPDL cells were pretreated with bergapten concentrations of 5, 10, 20, or 40 μM for 6 h and stimulated with or without Porphyromonas gingivalis -lipopolysaccharides (PG-LPS) for 24 h. Protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were measured using western blotting. ( e ) mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was measured using real-time PCR. ( f ) Molecular docking simulation of the interaction between Bergapten and the protein of inflammatory cytokines. 2D and 3D interaction diagram of Bergapten with associated residues in the interface of TNF-α ( a ), IL-1β ( b ), and IL-6 ( c ). Interactions with the corresponding amino acid residues of the enzyme include dark pink and light pink–hydrophobic interactions, light green–van der Waals interactions, and green–hydrogen bonding interactions. *p < 0.05 compared with PG-LPS treatment only. IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; iNOS, inducible nitric oxygen synthase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2.

Article Snippet: P. gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS) was obtained from Invivo Gen (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Imaging, Expressing, Western Blot, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Pharmacological investigation of bergapten isolated from Glehnia littoralis against periodontitis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38099-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: The osteogenic induction effect of bergapten on hPDL cells. ( a ) hPDL cells were pretreated with bergapten for 6 h and then cultured with PG-LPS for 7 days. ( b ) Cells were photographed with an IncuCyte imaging system. ( c ) Western blot analysis confirmed protein expression. ( d ) mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , osteopontin (OPN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were measured using real-time PCR. Results were normalized to GAPDH or β-actin expression. *p < 0.05 compared with only PG-LPS treatment in osteogenic media. BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; MMP1, matrix metalloproteinase 1.

Article Snippet: P. gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS) was obtained from Invivo Gen (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Imaging, Western Blot, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Pharmacological investigation of bergapten isolated from Glehnia littoralis against periodontitis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38099-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bergapten exhibits ER stress sensor protein regulation and antioxidant effects. ( a ) hPDL cells were seeded in 6-well plates at the concentration of 5 × 10 5 cells/well before being maintained for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , 95% air. Afterwards, the cells were treated with bergapten at the indicated concentration for 2 h, then treated with PG-LPS and cultured for 24 h. ( b ) hPDL cells were pretreated with bergapten for 3 h and then cultured with PG-LPS for 24 h. ROS production was determined using the H 2 DCFDA assay. ( c ) Western blot analysis confirmed protein expression. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 compared with only PG-LPS treatment group.

Article Snippet: P. gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS) was obtained from Invivo Gen (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Pharmacological investigation of bergapten isolated from Glehnia littoralis against periodontitis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38099-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bergapten exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through modulating ER stress sensor proteins. ( a , d ) hPDL cells were seeded in 6-well plates at the concentration of 5 × 105 cells/well before being maintained for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 , 95% air. Afterwards, siRNA-PERK was treated and incubated for 48 h, and bergapten and PG-LPS were treated at the indicated concentrations. Protein expres-sion levels of p-PERK and p-eIF2α were measured by western blot analysis. ( b ) The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine production by siRNA-PERK treatment was measured using real-time PCR. ( c ) ROS production was determined using the H 2 DCFDA assay. Results were normalized to GAPDH or β-actin expression. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments, versus only PG-LPS treat group (*, P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: P. gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS) was obtained from Invivo Gen (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation, Western Blot, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Pharmacological investigation of bergapten isolated from Glehnia littoralis against periodontitis

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-38099-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bergapten alleviates periodontitis in the PG-LPS induced periodontitis model. ( a ) Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis of newly formed bone after bergapten treatment; Red marks are areas of interest for analysis. ( b ) Periodontal histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining. ( c ) Expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. ( d ) Analysis of inflammation indicators obtained from H&E staining results. ( e , f ) Quantification of distance and bone mineral density between CEJ and ABC. *p < 0.05 compared to PG-LPS induced group.

Article Snippet: P. gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS) was obtained from Invivo Gen (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Micro-CT, Staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Probiotics and amelioration of periodontitis: significant roles of Lacticaseibacillus casei DS31

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1715664

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microscopy images of L. casei DS31 inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation stained with Gram stain after cultured.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 2 × 10 4 cells/well and incubated overnight at 37 °C The cells were treated with DMEM (FBS-free) containing 1 μg/mL of P. gingivalis LPS (PgLPS; InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA), and then treated with 1% heat-killed BS-DS31 or CFS-DS31, further incubated for 24 h. Thereafter, the culture medium of each group (90 μL) and fresh Griess reagent (10 μL) were mixed in a new plate and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min.

Techniques: Microscopy, Staining, Cell Culture

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Probiotics and amelioration of periodontitis: significant roles of Lacticaseibacillus casei DS31

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1715664

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microscopy images of mature P. gingivalis biofilm treated with L. casei DS31. Biofilm stained with Gram stain after cultured.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 2 × 10 4 cells/well and incubated overnight at 37 °C The cells were treated with DMEM (FBS-free) containing 1 μg/mL of P. gingivalis LPS (PgLPS; InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA), and then treated with 1% heat-killed BS-DS31 or CFS-DS31, further incubated for 24 h. Thereafter, the culture medium of each group (90 μL) and fresh Griess reagent (10 μL) were mixed in a new plate and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min.

Techniques: Microscopy, Staining, Cell Culture